Highly efficient full-fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes with exciplex cohosts

Full-fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (FOLEDs) with low cost and high efficiency are imperious demands for commercial process in flat panel display and lighting products. We fabricated a series of FOLEDs employing C545T and DCJTB as doped dyes and different exciplex blends as cohosts. The results proved that reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) efficiency of exciplex cohost has a significant effect on the device performance. Devices with TAPC:PIM-TRZ as cohost which possessed the highest RISC efficiency showed the best results. The green FOLEDs exhibited the maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) approaching to 20%, the red FOLEDs exhibited EQEs over 10% and all the EQE roll-offs are less than 10% at 1000 cd m⁻², which are among the best reported results so far, suggesting these exciplex cohosts are promising for FOLEDs.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC nanoparticle-reinforced Mg−Zn−Ca matrix nanocomposites processed by combining multidirectional forging and extrusion

TiC nanoparticle-reinforced Mg−4Zn−0.5Ca matrix nanocomposites were processed by combining multidirectional forging (MDF) and extrusion (EX). The grain size of the nanocomposite after MDF+EX multi-step deformation was significantly decreased compared with that processed only by MDF. The average size of the recrystallized grains gradually increased after EX with increasing the number of MDF passes at 270 °C. However, the grain size significantly decreased by MDF processing at 310 °C. Both fine and coarse MgZn₂ phases appeared in the (MDF+EX)-processed nanocomposites, and their volume fractions gradually increased with increasing the number of MDF passes before EX. Ultrahigh tensile properties (yield strength of ~404 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of ~450.3 MPa and elongation of ~5.2 %) were obtained in the nanocomposite after three MDF passes at 310 °C followed by EX. This was attributed to the refinement of the recrystallized grains, together with the improved Orowan strengthening provided by the precipitated MgZn₂ particles that were generated by MDF+EX multi-step deformation.     

Preparation and mechanism of active Mo–Mn metallization on ZTA particles surface and interfacial bonding of reinforced iron matrix composite

ZrO₂ toughened Al₂O₃ particles (ZTAp) have poor wettability with iron, and therefore some defects are easily formed at the interface between ZTAp and iron matrix, which may lead to material failure. This paper illustrates that the ZTAp were modified on the surface by the active Mo–Mn metallization, and thus, they were used as the reinforcing phases to prepare the iron-matrix composite (ZTAp/Fe composite). It is concluded that the sponge-like skeleton structure was formed on the surface of ZTAp after the metallization. The interface of ZTAp/Fe composite, which has been proved to have bearing and transitional capacity by scratch test, was formed by chemical bonding with elemental diffusion, besides mechanical bonding. The metallization mechanism of elemental diffusion can be explained by the migration of glass phase, and the elements diffusion between the interface and iron matrix is to form solid solution.     

Doping-free hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent blue,phosphorescent green and red emission layers

Industrialized white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) currently require host-guest doping, a complicated process necessitating precise control of the guest concentration to get high efficiency and stability. Two doping-free, hybrid white OLEDs with fluorescent blue, and phosphorescent green and red emissive layers (EMLs) are reported in this work. An ultra-thin red phosphorescent EML was situated in a blue-emitting electron transport layer (ETL), while the ultra-thin green phosphorescent EML was placed either in the ETL (Device 1), or the hole transport layer (HTL) (Device 2). Device 2 exhibits higher efficiency and more stable spectrum due to the enhanced utilization of excitons by ultra-thin green EML at the exciton generation zone within the HTL. Values of current efficiency (CE), power efficiency (PE), and CRI obtained for the optimized hybrid white OLEDs fabricated through a doping-free process were of 23.2 cd/A, 20.5 lm/W and 82 at 1000 cd/m², respectively.     

Performance improvement of conventional and inverted polymer solar cells with hydrophobic fluoropolymer as nonvolatile processing additive

The morphology of the photoactive layer critically affects the performance of the bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs). To control the morphology, we introduced a hydrophobic fluoropolymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as nonvolatile additive into the P3HT:PCBM active layer. The effect of PVDF on the surface and the bulk morphology were investigated by atomic force microscope and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Through the repulsive interactions between the hydrophilic PCBM and the hydrophobic PVDF, much more uniform phase separation with good P3HT crystallinity is formed within the active layer, resulting enhanced light harvesting and improved photovoltaic performance in conventional devices. The PCE of the conventional device can improve from 2.40% to 3.07% with PVDF additive. The PVDF distribution within the active layer was investigated by secondary ion mass spectroscopy, confirming a bottom distribution of PVDF. Therefore, inverted device structure was designed, and the PCE can improve from 2.81% to 3.45% with PVDF additive. Our findings suggest that PVDF is a promising nonvolatile processing additive for high performance polymer solar cells.     

Luminescence and energy transfer of color-tunable Lu_2MgAl_4SiO_(12):Eu~(2+),Ce~(3+),Mn~(2+) phosphors

Energy transfer among the co-doped activators is an efficient route to achieve color-tunable emission in inorganic phosphors.Herein,photoluminescence tuning from blue to cyan has been achieved in the Lu_2MgAl_4 SiO_(12);Eu~(2+),Ce~(3+)phosphors by varying the Ce~(3+) concentration with a fixed Eu~(2+)content.With the further introduction of a Mn~(2+)-Si4+couple into the host lattice,the emission color can be tuned to red through the energy transfer of Eu~(2+)and Mn~(2+).The luminescence properties and the energy transfer mechanism were studied in detail.The energy transfer from Eu~(2+)to Ce~(3+)is certified as a dipolequadrupole interaction with the energy transfer efficiency of 41.4% and Eu~(2+)to Mn~(2+)belongs to a dipole-dipole interaction with the energy transfer efficiency of 94.3%.The results imply that this singlephased Lu_2MgAl4 SiO_(12):Eu~(2+),Ce~(3+),Mn~(2+)phosphor has a potential prospect for application in near-UV chip pumped white light emitting diodes.     

Removal of Aniline from Wastewater Using Hollow Fiber Renewal Liquid Membrane

Hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane (HFRLM) method was proposed based on the surface renewal theory for removal of aniline from waste water. The system of aniline + D2EHPA in kerosene + HCl was used. Aqueous layer diffusion in the feed phase is the rate-control step, and the influence of lumen side flow rate on the mass transfer is more significant than that on the shell side. The resistance of overall mass transfer is greatly reduced because of the mass transfer intensification in the renewal of liquid membrane on the lumen side. The driving force of mass transfer can be considered as a function of distribution equilibrium, and the overall mass transfer coefficient increases with the increase of pH in the feed solution, HCl concentration and D2EHPA concentration, and decreases with the increase of initial aniline concentration. A mass transfer model is developed for HFRLM based on the surface renewal theory. The calculated results agree well with experimental results. The HFRLM process is a promising method for aniline wastewater treatment.     

拉伸取向控制对AZ31镁合金孪生和织构演化的影响

以室温单轴拉伸实验与晶体塑性有限元相结合的方法,通过拉伸取向控制,研究了AZ31镁合金拉伸变形过程中孪生行为、织构演化规律、塑性各向异性之间的关系。基于率相关晶体塑性本构理论,建立了滑移和孪生机制耦合的具有不同取向的晶体塑性本构模型,引入孪晶体积分数研究孪生对AZ31镁合金塑性变形过程中织构演变和力学性能的影响。结果表明,2种不同取向的样品在塑性变形过程中呈现出明显不同的织构演变规律,表现出明显的各向异性。轴向拉伸时孪生被抑制,孪晶激活体积分数低,径向拉伸时孪晶极易产生,孪晶激活体积分数高。轴向试样在整个塑性变形过程中{0001}极图偏移较小,径向试样因大量拉伸孪晶的开启,使得{0001}棱柱面织构的极密度逐渐向RD的正反方向发生明显偏移。     

Realization of triplet–triplet annihilation in planar heterojunction exciplex-based organic light-emitting diodes

Triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) for enhancement of luminous efficiency occurs with difficulty in exciplex-based organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) because it is an interaction among several neighboring donor and acceptor molecules. However, TTA has been realized in our planar-heterojunction (PHJ) exciplex-based OLEDs by using a thin recombination zone to enhance the interfacial density of the triplet states. The TTA process, which is characterized by a high-field decrease (HFD) in the magneto-electroluminescence from the PHJ OLEDs, appears at approximately 150 K and becomes stronger with decreasing temperature. At a given temperature, the higher the injected current is, the stronger HFD is observed. Additionally, we find that TTA could even happens at room temperature with appropriate selection of the donor molecule, which may be attributed to the favorable electron-donating ability of the methoxy group (–OCH₃) in the donor molecule and the matched overlaps of the intermolecular conformation of the donor and the acceptor.